▶ 調査レポート

世界のジステアリルジモニウムクロリド市場(~2028年):50%以下、50%-60%、60%-70%、70%-80%、80%以上

• 英文タイトル:Global Distearyldimonium Chloride Market Insights, Forecast to 2028

Global Distearyldimonium Chloride Market Insights, Forecast to 2028「世界のジステアリルジモニウムクロリド市場(~2028年):50%以下、50%-60%、60%-70%、70%-80%、80%以上」(市場規模、市場予測)調査レポートです。• レポートコード:MRC2Q12-01594
• 出版社/出版日:QYResearch / 2022年12月
• レポート形態:英文、PDF、90ページ
• 納品方法:Eメール(納期:3営業日)
• 産業分類:化学&材料
• 販売価格(消費税別)
  Single User¥725,200 (USD4,900)▷ お問い合わせ
  Enterprise License¥1,450,400 (USD9,800)▷ お問い合わせ
• ご注文方法:お問い合わせフォーム記入又はEメールでご連絡ください。
• お支払方法:銀行振込(納品後、ご請求書送付)
レポート概要
新型コロナウイルス感染症とロシア・ウクライナ戦争の影響により、ジステアリルジモニウムクロリドのグローバル市場は 2022にxxxドルと推定され、2028年までにxxxドルの規模に達し、2022年から2028年の予測期間中にxxx%のCAGRで成長すると予測されています。
ジステアリルジモニウムクロリドのアメリカ市場は、2023年から2028年の予測期間中にxxx%のCAGRで、2022年xxxドルから2028年xxxドルに達すると推定されています。
ジステアリルジモニウムクロリドの中国市場は、2023年から2028年の予測期間中にxxx%のCAGRで、2022年xxxドルから2028年xxxドルに達すると推定されています。
ジステアリルジモニウムクロリドのヨーロッパ市場は、2023年から2028年の予測期間中にxxx%のCAGRで、2022年xxxドルから2028年xxxドルに達すると推定されています。

生産面において、本レポートは2017年から2022年までのジステアリルジモニウムクロリドの生産、成長率、メーカー別市場シェア、地域別市場シェア、および2028年までの予測を調査しています。販売面において、本レポートは2017年から2022年までの地域別、企業別、タイプ別、アプリケーション別のジステアリルジモニウムクロリドの売上および2028年までの予測に焦点を当てています。

ジステアリルジモニウムクロリドのグローバル主要企業には、Miwon Commercial、Clariant、Sanyo Chemical、AHSUPER、Tenghui Oil & Fat Chemical、Rugao Wanli Chemical、Guangzhou Zhonghai Chemical、Haihang Groupなどがあります。2021年、世界のトップ5プレイヤーは売上ベースで約xxx%の市場シェアを占めています。

ジステアリルジモニウムクロリド市場は、タイプとアプリケーションによって区分されます。世界のジステアリルジモニウムクロリド市場のプレーヤー、利害関係者、およびその他の参加者は、当レポートを有益なリソースとして使用することで優位に立つことができます。セグメント分析は、2017年~2028年期間のタイプ別およびアプリケーション別の販売量、売上、予測に焦点を当てています。

【タイプ別セグメント】
50%以下、50%-60%、60%-70%、70%-80%、80%以上

【アプリケーション別セグメント】
化粧品、繊維、石油、その他

【掲載地域】
北米:アメリカ、カナダ
ヨーロッパ:ドイツ、フランス、イギリス、イタリア、ロシア
アジア太平洋:日本、中国、韓国、インド、オーストラリア、台湾、インドネシア、タイ、マレーシア
中南米:メキシコ、ブラジル、アルゼンチン
中東・アフリカ:トルコ、サウジアラビア、UAE

【目次(一部)】

・調査の範囲
- ジステアリルジモニウムクロリド製品概要
- タイプ別市場(50%以下、50%-60%、60%-70%、70%-80%、80%以上)
- アプリケーション別市場(化粧品、繊維、石油、その他)
- 調査の目的
・エグゼクティブサマリー
- 世界のジステアリルジモニウムクロリド販売量予測2017-2028
- 世界のジステアリルジモニウムクロリド売上予測2017-2028
- ジステアリルジモニウムクロリドの地域別販売量
- ジステアリルジモニウムクロリドの地域別売上
- 北米市場
- ヨーロッパ市場
- アジア太平洋市場
- 中南米市場
- 中東・アフリカ市場
・メーカーの競争状況
- 主要メーカー別ジステアリルジモニウムクロリド販売量
- 主要メーカー別ジステアリルジモニウムクロリド売上
- 主要メーカー別ジステアリルジモニウムクロリド価格
- 競争状況の分析
- 企業M&A動向
・タイプ別市場規模(50%以下、50%-60%、60%-70%、70%-80%、80%以上)
- ジステアリルジモニウムクロリドのタイプ別販売量
- ジステアリルジモニウムクロリドのタイプ別売上
- ジステアリルジモニウムクロリドのタイプ別価格
・アプリケーション別市場規模(化粧品、繊維、石油、その他)
- ジステアリルジモニウムクロリドのアプリケーション別販売量
- ジステアリルジモニウムクロリドのアプリケーション別売上
- ジステアリルジモニウムクロリドのアプリケーション別価格
・北米市場
- 北米のジステアリルジモニウムクロリド市場規模(タイプ別、アプリケーション別)
- 主要国別のジステアリルジモニウムクロリド市場規模(アメリカ、カナダ)
・ヨーロッパ市場
- ヨーロッパのジステアリルジモニウムクロリド市場規模(タイプ別、アプリケーション別)
- 主要国別のジステアリルジモニウムクロリド市場規模(ドイツ、フランス、イギリス、イタリア、ロシア)
・アジア太平洋市場
- アジア太平洋のジステアリルジモニウムクロリド市場規模(タイプ別、アプリケーション別)
- 主要国別のジステアリルジモニウムクロリド市場規模(日本、中国、韓国、インド、オーストラリア、台湾、インドネシア、タイ、マレーシア)
・中南米市場
- 中南米のジステアリルジモニウムクロリド市場規模(タイプ別、アプリケーション別)
- 主要国別のジステアリルジモニウムクロリド市場規模(メキシコ、ブラジル、アルゼンチン)
・中東・アフリカ市場
- 中東・アフリカのジステアリルジモニウムクロリド市場規模(タイプ別、アプリケーション別)
- 主要国別のジステアリルジモニウムクロリド市場規模(トルコ、サウジアラビア)
・企業情報
Miwon Commercial、Clariant、Sanyo Chemical、AHSUPER、Tenghui Oil & Fat Chemical、Rugao Wanli Chemical、Guangzhou Zhonghai Chemical、Haihang Group
・産業チェーン及び販売チャネル分析
- ジステアリルジモニウムクロリドの産業チェーン分析
- ジステアリルジモニウムクロリドの原材料
- ジステアリルジモニウムクロリドの生産プロセス
- ジステアリルジモニウムクロリドの販売及びマーケティング
- ジステアリルジモニウムクロリドの主要顧客
・マーケットドライバー、機会、課題、リスク要因分析
- ジステアリルジモニウムクロリドの産業動向
- ジステアリルジモニウムクロリドのマーケットドライバー
- ジステアリルジモニウムクロリドの課題
- ジステアリルジモニウムクロリドの阻害要因
・主な調査結果

Market Analysis and Insights: Global Distearyldimonium Chloride Market
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the global Distearyldimonium Chloride market size is estimated to be worth US$ million in 2022 and is forecast to a readjusted size of US$ million by 2028 with a CAGR of % during the forecast period 2022-2028. Fully considering the economic change by this health crisis, Below 50% accounting for % of the Distearyldimonium Chloride global market in 2021, is projected to value US$ million by 2028, growing at a revised % CAGR from 2022 to 2028. While Cosmetic segment is altered to an % CAGR throughout this forecast period.
China Distearyldimonium Chloride market size is valued at US$ million in 2021, while the US and Europe Distearyldimonium Chloride are US$ million and US$ million, severally. The proportion of the US is % in 2021, while China and Europe are % and % respectively, and it is predicted that China proportion will reach % in 2028, trailing a CAGR of % through the analysis period 2022-2028. Japan, South Korea, and Southeast Asia are noteworthy markets in Asia, with CAGR %, %, and % respectively for the next 6-year period. As for the Europe Distearyldimonium Chloride landscape, Germany is projected to reach US$ million by 2028 trailing a CAGR of % over the forecast period 2022-2028.
The global key manufacturers of Distearyldimonium Chloride include Miwon Commercial, Clariant, Sanyo Chemical, AHSUPER, Tenghui Oil & Fat Chemical, Rugao Wanli Chemical, Guangzhou Zhonghai Chemical and Haihang Group, etc. In 2021, the global top five players have a share approximately % in terms of revenue.
In terms of production side, this report researches the Distearyldimonium Chloride capacity, production, growth rate, market share by manufacturers and by region (region level and country level), from 2017 to 2022, and forecast to 2028.
In terms of sales side, this report focuses on the sales of Distearyldimonium Chloride by region (region level and country level), by company, by Solid Content and by Application. from 2017 to 2022 and forecast to 2028.
Global Distearyldimonium Chloride Scope and Segment
Distearyldimonium Chloride market is segmented by Solid Content and by Application. Players, stakeholders, and other participants in the global Distearyldimonium Chloride market will be able to gain the upper hand as they use the report as a powerful resource. The segmental analysis focuses on production capacity, revenue and forecast by Solid Content and by Application for the period 2017-2028.
Segment by Solid Content
Below 50%
50%-60%
60%-70%
70%-80%
Above 80%
Segment by Application
Cosmetic
Textile
Petroleum
Other
By Company
Miwon Commercial
Clariant
Sanyo Chemical
AHSUPER
Tenghui Oil & Fat Chemical
Rugao Wanli Chemical
Guangzhou Zhonghai Chemical
Haihang Group
Production by Region
North America
Europe
China
Japan
South Korea
Consumption by Region
North America
United States
Canada
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Asia-Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
India
Australia
China Taiwan
Indonesia
Thailand
Malaysia
Latin America
Mexico
Brazil
Argentina
Colombia
Middle East & Africa
Turkey
Saudi Arabia
UAE

レポート目次

1 Study Coverage
1.1 Distearyldimonium Chloride Product Introduction
1.2 Market by Solid Content
1.2.1 Global Distearyldimonium Chloride Market Size by Solid Content, 2017 VS 2021 VS 2028
1.2.2 Below 50%
1.2.3 50%-60%
1.2.4 60%-70%
1.2.5 70%-80%
1.2.6 Above 80%
1.3 Market by Application
1.3.1 Global Distearyldimonium Chloride Market Size by Application, 2017 VS 2021 VS 2028
1.3.2 Cosmetic
1.3.3 Textile
1.3.4 Petroleum
1.3.5 Other
1.4 Study Objectives
1.5 Years Considered
2 Global Distearyldimonium Chloride Production
2.1 Global Distearyldimonium Chloride Production Capacity (2017-2028)
2.2 Global Distearyldimonium Chloride Production by Region: 2017 VS 2021 VS 2028
2.3 Global Distearyldimonium Chloride Production by Region
2.3.1 Global Distearyldimonium Chloride Historic Production by Region (2017-2022)
2.3.2 Global Distearyldimonium Chloride Forecasted Production by Region (2023-2028)
2.4 North America
2.5 Europe
2.6 China
2.7 Japan
2.8 South Korea
3 Global Distearyldimonium Chloride Sales in Volume & Value Estimates and Forecasts
3.1 Global Distearyldimonium Chloride Sales Estimates and Forecasts 2017-2028
3.2 Global Distearyldimonium Chloride Revenue Estimates and Forecasts 2017-2028
3.3 Global Distearyldimonium Chloride Revenue by Region: 2017 VS 2021 VS 2028
3.4 Global Distearyldimonium Chloride Sales by Region
3.4.1 Global Distearyldimonium Chloride Sales by Region (2017-2022)
3.4.2 Global Sales Distearyldimonium Chloride by Region (2023-2028)
3.5 Global Distearyldimonium Chloride Revenue by Region
3.5.1 Global Distearyldimonium Chloride Revenue by Region (2017-2022)
3.5.2 Global Distearyldimonium Chloride Revenue by Region (2023-2028)
3.6 North America
3.7 Europe
3.8 Asia-Pacific
3.9 Latin America
3.10 Middle East & Africa
4 Competition by Manufactures
4.1 Global Distearyldimonium Chloride Production Capacity by Manufacturers
4.2 Global Distearyldimonium Chloride Sales by Manufacturers
4.2.1 Global Distearyldimonium Chloride Sales by Manufacturers (2017-2022)
4.2.2 Global Distearyldimonium Chloride Sales Market Share by Manufacturers (2017-2022)
4.2.3 Global Top 10 and Top 5 Largest Manufacturers of Distearyldimonium Chloride in 2021
4.3 Global Distearyldimonium Chloride Revenue by Manufacturers
4.3.1 Global Distearyldimonium Chloride Revenue by Manufacturers (2017-2022)
4.3.2 Global Distearyldimonium Chloride Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2017-2022)
4.3.3 Global Top 10 and Top 5 Companies by Distearyldimonium Chloride Revenue in 2021
4.4 Global Distearyldimonium Chloride Sales Price by Manufacturers
4.5 Analysis of Competitive Landscape
4.5.1 Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
4.5.2 Global Distearyldimonium Chloride Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3)
4.5.3 Global Distearyldimonium Chloride Manufacturers Geographical Distribution
4.6 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
5 Market Size by Solid Content
5.1 Global Distearyldimonium Chloride Sales by Solid Content
5.1.1 Global Distearyldimonium Chloride Historical Sales by Solid Content (2017-2022)
5.1.2 Global Distearyldimonium Chloride Forecasted Sales by Solid Content (2023-2028)
5.1.3 Global Distearyldimonium Chloride Sales Market Share by Solid Content (2017-2028)
5.2 Global Distearyldimonium Chloride Revenue by Solid Content
5.2.1 Global Distearyldimonium Chloride Historical Revenue by Solid Content (2017-2022)
5.2.2 Global Distearyldimonium Chloride Forecasted Revenue by Solid Content (2023-2028)
5.2.3 Global Distearyldimonium Chloride Revenue Market Share by Solid Content (2017-2028)
5.3 Global Distearyldimonium Chloride Price by Solid Content
5.3.1 Global Distearyldimonium Chloride Price by Solid Content (2017-2022)
5.3.2 Global Distearyldimonium Chloride Price Forecast by Solid Content (2023-2028)
6 Market Size by Application
6.1 Global Distearyldimonium Chloride Sales by Application
6.1.1 Global Distearyldimonium Chloride Historical Sales by Application (2017-2022)
6.1.2 Global Distearyldimonium Chloride Forecasted Sales by Application (2023-2028)
6.1.3 Global Distearyldimonium Chloride Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
6.2 Global Distearyldimonium Chloride Revenue by Application
6.2.1 Global Distearyldimonium Chloride Historical Revenue by Application (2017-2022)
6.2.2 Global Distearyldimonium Chloride Forecasted Revenue by Application (2023-2028)
6.2.3 Global Distearyldimonium Chloride Revenue Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
6.3 Global Distearyldimonium Chloride Price by Application
6.3.1 Global Distearyldimonium Chloride Price by Application (2017-2022)
6.3.2 Global Distearyldimonium Chloride Price Forecast by Application (2023-2028)
7 North America
7.1 North America Distearyldimonium Chloride Market Size by Solid Content
7.1.1 North America Distearyldimonium Chloride Sales by Solid Content (2017-2028)
7.1.2 North America Distearyldimonium Chloride Revenue by Solid Content (2017-2028)
7.2 North America Distearyldimonium Chloride Market Size by Application
7.2.1 North America Distearyldimonium Chloride Sales by Application (2017-2028)
7.2.2 North America Distearyldimonium Chloride Revenue by Application (2017-2028)
7.3 North America Distearyldimonium Chloride Sales by Country
7.3.1 North America Distearyldimonium Chloride Sales by Country (2017-2028)
7.3.2 North America Distearyldimonium Chloride Revenue by Country (2017-2028)
7.3.3 United States
7.3.4 Canada
8 Europe
8.1 Europe Distearyldimonium Chloride Market Size by Solid Content
8.1.1 Europe Distearyldimonium Chloride Sales by Solid Content (2017-2028)
8.1.2 Europe Distearyldimonium Chloride Revenue by Solid Content (2017-2028)
8.2 Europe Distearyldimonium Chloride Market Size by Application
8.2.1 Europe Distearyldimonium Chloride Sales by Application (2017-2028)
8.2.2 Europe Distearyldimonium Chloride Revenue by Application (2017-2028)
8.3 Europe Distearyldimonium Chloride Sales by Country
8.3.1 Europe Distearyldimonium Chloride Sales by Country (2017-2028)
8.3.2 Europe Distearyldimonium Chloride Revenue by Country (2017-2028)
8.3.3 Germany
8.3.4 France
8.3.5 U.K.
8.3.6 Italy
8.3.7 Russia
9 Asia Pacific
9.1 Asia Pacific Distearyldimonium Chloride Market Size by Solid Content
9.1.1 Asia Pacific Distearyldimonium Chloride Sales by Solid Content (2017-2028)
9.1.2 Asia Pacific Distearyldimonium Chloride Revenue by Solid Content (2017-2028)
9.2 Asia Pacific Distearyldimonium Chloride Market Size by Application
9.2.1 Asia Pacific Distearyldimonium Chloride Sales by Application (2017-2028)
9.2.2 Asia Pacific Distearyldimonium Chloride Revenue by Application (2017-2028)
9.3 Asia Pacific Distearyldimonium Chloride Sales by Region
9.3.1 Asia Pacific Distearyldimonium Chloride Sales by Region (2017-2028)
9.3.2 Asia Pacific Distearyldimonium Chloride Revenue by Region (2017-2028)
9.3.3 China
9.3.4 Japan
9.3.5 South Korea
9.3.6 India
9.3.7 Australia
9.3.8 China Taiwan
9.3.9 Indonesia
9.3.10 Thailand
9.3.11 Malaysia
10 Latin America
10.1 Latin America Distearyldimonium Chloride Market Size by Solid Content
10.1.1 Latin America Distearyldimonium Chloride Sales by Solid Content (2017-2028)
10.1.2 Latin America Distearyldimonium Chloride Revenue by Solid Content (2017-2028)
10.2 Latin America Distearyldimonium Chloride Market Size by Application
10.2.1 Latin America Distearyldimonium Chloride Sales by Application (2017-2028)
10.2.2 Latin America Distearyldimonium Chloride Revenue by Application (2017-2028)
10.3 Latin America Distearyldimonium Chloride Sales by Country
10.3.1 Latin America Distearyldimonium Chloride Sales by Country (2017-2028)
10.3.2 Latin America Distearyldimonium Chloride Revenue by Country (2017-2028)
10.3.3 Mexico
10.3.4 Brazil
10.3.5 Argentina
10.3.6 Colombia
11 Middle East and Africa
11.1 Middle East and Africa Distearyldimonium Chloride Market Size by Solid Content
11.1.1 Middle East and Africa Distearyldimonium Chloride Sales by Solid Content (2017-2028)
11.1.2 Middle East and Africa Distearyldimonium Chloride Revenue by Solid Content (2017-2028)
11.2 Middle East and Africa Distearyldimonium Chloride Market Size by Application
11.2.1 Middle East and Africa Distearyldimonium Chloride Sales by Application (2017-2028)
11.2.2 Middle East and Africa Distearyldimonium Chloride Revenue by Application (2017-2028)
11.3 Middle East and Africa Distearyldimonium Chloride Sales by Country
11.3.1 Middle East and Africa Distearyldimonium Chloride Sales by Country (2017-2028)
11.3.2 Middle East and Africa Distearyldimonium Chloride Revenue by Country (2017-2028)
11.3.3 Turkey
11.3.4 Saudi Arabia
11.3.5 UAE
12 Corporate Profiles
12.1 Miwon Commercial
12.1.1 Miwon Commercial Corporation Information
12.1.2 Miwon Commercial Overview
12.1.3 Miwon Commercial Distearyldimonium Chloride Sales, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
12.1.4 Miwon Commercial Distearyldimonium Chloride Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
12.1.5 Miwon Commercial Recent Developments
12.2 Clariant
12.2.1 Clariant Corporation Information
12.2.2 Clariant Overview
12.2.3 Clariant Distearyldimonium Chloride Sales, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
12.2.4 Clariant Distearyldimonium Chloride Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
12.2.5 Clariant Recent Developments
12.3 Sanyo Chemical
12.3.1 Sanyo Chemical Corporation Information
12.3.2 Sanyo Chemical Overview
12.3.3 Sanyo Chemical Distearyldimonium Chloride Sales, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
12.3.4 Sanyo Chemical Distearyldimonium Chloride Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
12.3.5 Sanyo Chemical Recent Developments
12.4 AHSUPER
12.4.1 AHSUPER Corporation Information
12.4.2 AHSUPER Overview
12.4.3 AHSUPER Distearyldimonium Chloride Sales, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
12.4.4 AHSUPER Distearyldimonium Chloride Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
12.4.5 AHSUPER Recent Developments
12.5 Tenghui Oil & Fat Chemical
12.5.1 Tenghui Oil & Fat Chemical Corporation Information
12.5.2 Tenghui Oil & Fat Chemical Overview
12.5.3 Tenghui Oil & Fat Chemical Distearyldimonium Chloride Sales, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
12.5.4 Tenghui Oil & Fat Chemical Distearyldimonium Chloride Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
12.5.5 Tenghui Oil & Fat Chemical Recent Developments
12.6 Rugao Wanli Chemical
12.6.1 Rugao Wanli Chemical Corporation Information
12.6.2 Rugao Wanli Chemical Overview
12.6.3 Rugao Wanli Chemical Distearyldimonium Chloride Sales, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
12.6.4 Rugao Wanli Chemical Distearyldimonium Chloride Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
12.6.5 Rugao Wanli Chemical Recent Developments
12.7 Guangzhou Zhonghai Chemical
12.7.1 Guangzhou Zhonghai Chemical Corporation Information
12.7.2 Guangzhou Zhonghai Chemical Overview
12.7.3 Guangzhou Zhonghai Chemical Distearyldimonium Chloride Sales, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
12.7.4 Guangzhou Zhonghai Chemical Distearyldimonium Chloride Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
12.7.5 Guangzhou Zhonghai Chemical Recent Developments
12.8 Haihang Group
12.8.1 Haihang Group Corporation Information
12.8.2 Haihang Group Overview
12.8.3 Haihang Group Distearyldimonium Chloride Sales, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
12.8.4 Haihang Group Distearyldimonium Chloride Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
12.8.5 Haihang Group Recent Developments
13 Industry Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
13.1 Distearyldimonium Chloride Industry Chain Analysis
13.2 Distearyldimonium Chloride Key Raw Materials
13.2.1 Key Raw Materials
13.2.2 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
13.3 Distearyldimonium Chloride Production Mode & Process
13.4 Distearyldimonium Chloride Sales and Marketing
13.4.1 Distearyldimonium Chloride Sales Channels
13.4.2 Distearyldimonium Chloride Distributors
13.5 Distearyldimonium Chloride Customers
14 Market Drivers, Opportunities, Challenges and Risks Factors Analysis
14.1 Distearyldimonium Chloride Industry Trends
14.2 Distearyldimonium Chloride Market Drivers
14.3 Distearyldimonium Chloride Market Challenges
14.4 Distearyldimonium Chloride Market Restraints
15 Key Finding in The Global Distearyldimonium Chloride Study
16 Appendix
16.1 Research Methodology
16.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
16.1.2 Data Source
16.2 Author Details
16.3 Disclaimer